1. The mere presence of others can significantly impact human behavior. This phenomenon, known as the social facilitation effect, suggests that individuals tend to perform better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when being observed by others.
2. The placebo effect highlights the power of the mind in influencing physical well-being. People can experience real improvements in symptoms or conditions simply due to their belief in a treatment or intervention, even if it lacks any therapeutic properties.
3. Confirmation bias is a cognitive bias that influences how humans interpret information. It refers to the tendency to actively seek or interpret evidence in a way that confirms preexisting beliefs or expectations, and reject or ignore information that contradicts those beliefs.
4. Cognitive dissonance occurs when individuals hold contradictory beliefs or attitudes, leading to a state of discomfort. This discomfort often motivates people to change their beliefs or engage in actions to reduce the inconsistency.
5. The bystander effect refers to the phenomenon where individuals are less likely to offer help to someone in need when others are present. This diffusion of responsibility occurs due to the assumption that someone else will take action.
6. The halo effect describes the tendency for individuals to perceive attractive people as more competent, trustworthy, and likable than less attractive individuals, even when there is no evidence to support such assumptions.
7. The mere exposure effect suggests that repeated exposure to a particular stimulus, such as a person or product, increases an individual's preference for that stimulus. Familiarity often leads to greater liking or comfort.
8. People have a limited amount of willpower, and decision-making throughout the day can deplete this resource. This phenomenon, known as ego depletion, explains why individuals may have less self-control or make impulsive choices after exerting significant mental effort.
9. The placebo button effect refers to the psychological satisfaction individuals experience when they believe they have control over a situation, even if their actions have no actual impact. For example, pressing an elevator button that seems to have no effect can still provide a sense of control.
10. Anchoring bias occurs when individuals rely too heavily on the first piece of information they receive when making a decision, even if it is irrelevant or unrelated to the outcome. This bias can result in skewed judgments and estimates.
11. People tend to have a negativity bias, meaning they pay more attention to negative information or experiences than positive ones. This bias may have evolved as a survival mechanism to prioritize potential threats or dangers.
12. The Pygmalion effect, also known as the self-fulfilling prophecy, suggests that higher expectations placed on individuals can lead to greater performance or achievement. Conversely, lower expectations can result in poorer performance.
13. The peak-end rule states that individuals judge an experience based on how they felt at its peak (such as the most intense moment) and its end, rather than as an average of the entire experience. This rule highlights how memory of experiences is influenced by these specific moments.
14. The mere ownership effect is the psychological bias where individuals tend to ascribe greater value to an item solely because they own it. This effect can influence purchasing decisions and attachment to possessions.
15. The framing effect highlights how the way information is presented or framed can significantly influence individuals' choices. Different wording or framing of options can lead to different decisions, even when the choices are logically equivalent.
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